This was a lecture, given as part of a week-long training session for NASA Engineers. This training course was conducted by Richard P. Evans, sponsored by Mr. F. G. Patterson, Jr., the Director of Program/Project Management Initiative, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C. THE TECHNIQUE USED IN THIS TALK WAS TO DISPLAY A SERIES OF TABLES, AS TRANSPARENCIES, EACH TABLE HAVING TWO COLUMNS, IN THE LEFT HAND COLUMN DESCRIPTIONS OF THINGS AS THEY ARE NOW BEING DONE; IN THE RIGHT HAND COLUMN DESCRIPTION OF THINGS AS THEY SHOULD BE DONE INSTEAD. Warfield's handwritten notes for the talk are in the Manuscripts file cabinet. The file cabinet also contains a brochure describing the NASA training session, giving names of all the speakers and all of the attendees, who came from about half a dozen NASA installations in the U.S. -------------------------

The following is a group of informal notes made by Rose Warfield, during Warfield's 19 November talk. Warfield opened the talk by announcing that as a preliminary, he would list the successes and failures and question marks of his IM methodology (although he did not use the term Interactive Management, just said something like "this stuff") and also include a preliminary history of systems engineering listing his view of the good and bad things about system engineering. He said that in the organizations where he had been successful in introducing Interactive Management, the common feature had always been that the management was under pressure from outside forces to change. A complacent organization with no pressures was not interested. His successes had been in three main organizations, Department of Defense-Acquisition, Ford Motor Company, and ITESM in Mexico. His failures were chiefly in the software industry, a group he described as impervious to change, subject to fast growth and no responsibility on part of the industry to revise or adjust. Other failures were in the field of higher education, with the exception of City University of London and Mexico. He described Systems engineering as a concept in existence for over 40 years, primarily a U.S. development. Originally systems engineering was focused on methodology but he stated that it is wrong to focus only on methodology now, because of the need to factor into the system the following ideas: 1) Awareness of organizations behavior 2) Knowledge of human limitations, not only as individuals, but as groups 3) Formalizing of interrelationships between activities and ideas 4) Design of a formal language for systems methods 5) Focus on issues related to communication in the domain of complexity He said that he believes the concept of "systems engineering" is outmoded and now belongs in the same class as the outmoded "operations research" which grew up under Ackoff and Churchman, during World War II, primarily as studies of operations, and little else. Prior to beginning his formal talk, Warfield showed two transparencies of Problematiques developed in past IM workshops, and discussed techniques for reading these graphics, while explaining his belief that John Dewey's term "Problematic Situation" should be used as a replacement for the conventional term " Problem", thus allowing the possibility of an existence of multiple "Problems" which could then be identified as subsets of the "Problematic Situation".

The talk followed the outline from then on, which is given in the manuscript "Contrasts". He mentioned the author Shewhart, 1993, who wrote on Statistical Process Control as a good reference, I am not sure was in outline, commenting that material in Shewhart's book was still up to date in spite of later works on the same subject. In summary, the main thrust of this talk was to try to bring out a recognition of the difference between intellectual cultures, and how they are used to meet current problems. Saying "We get into a lot of trouble when we try to apply the culture of technology invention to complex design," he defines the culture of TECHNOLOGY, or INVENTION, as being primarily a U.S. phenomenon, while BASIC RESEARCH not applied to specific technologies is more the culture to be found in Europe.

ITEMIZED LIST OF ALL THE TRANSPARENCIES USED IN THE TALK. Approximately fifty transparencies used in the talk are listed below. After the talk, copies of these transparencies were included in the 51page cell packet (filename mgw24.cpk) and given Mr. Evans, the coordinator of training course, and Mr. Evans subsequently made copies for distribution as handouts for the attendees. Warfield also printed the 51 pages as a tape-bound IASIS Report, for distribution from his own office at GMU. Many of these 51 pages were on Warfield's computer as separate, individual files, and when that is the case I have included their separate filename in parentheses. Page 1. "Contrasts" Title page Page 2 - is a preface page Page 2a - "AP Problematique" from Ford IM Workshop. A VENTURA GRAPHIC, which must be printed and inserted separately (cav05.chp) Page 2b - "JOPES Problematique" An INTELLIDRAW GRAPHIC, which must be printed and inserted separately (cai09.idw) Page 3. A contrasted with B (table showing outline of topics to be covered in the talk) (nuw45, p.2) Page 4.. "Heads - Tails"(nuw45, p.3) Page 5. "Belief-Knowledge" (nuw45, p. 4) Page 6. "What Foucalt Believes" quote from D.W. Harding.(nuw21) Page 7. "Defining" quote from M. Foucault (biw04) Page 8. "The Four Ways to Fix Belief: quote from Peirce. (nuw46) Page 9. "Peirce on the Search for Truth" (nuw55) Page 10. "Subjective-Objective" (nuw45, p. 5) Page 11. "The Said-The Not Said" (nuw45, page 6) Page 12. "The Not Said undermines The Said" quote form Foucault (biw14) AT THIS POINT IN THE PRESENTATION WARFIELD SHOWED AGAIN THE FORD PROBLEMATIQUE ON AP SOFTWARE PACKAGE TO DESIGN POWETRAIN (CAV05.CHP IS NOT PART OF FILENAME NUW444, IT IS ONE OF THE EXTRA GRAPHICS WHICH MUST BE PRINTED OUT OF VENTURA AND INSERTED MANUALLY) Page 13. "Natural Language-Designed Language" (nuw45, p. 7) Page 14. "Science-Technology" (nuw45, p. 8) Page 15. "Science and Technology. During the second half of the 19th century…" quote from James B. Conant. (biw02) Page 16. "Science and Technology. Throughout almost the whole of…" quote from Sir Goeffrey Vickers.(biw30) LACKING A TRANSPARENCY, AT THIS POINT WARFIELD USED A FLIPCHART TO MAKE A DRAWING OF TWO X-Y CHARTS SHOWING COMPARATIVE PATTERNS of PRODUCTION TIME BETWEEN U.S. AND JAPANESE AUTO MAKERS. Page 17. "Universal Priors to Science" (scw24) (nuw45, p. 17) Page 18. "Part 1 - First Appearance of Mathematical Symbols in Print" (mmw01) Page 19. "Part 2 - First Appearance of Mathematical Symbols in Print" (mmw02) Page 20. "Part 3 - First Appearance of Mathematical Symbols in Print" (mmw03) Page 21. "References 1. D.B. McIntyre…2. I. M. Bochenski (mmw04) Page 22. "U.S.(America) - Europe" (nuw45, page 22) Page 23. "Foundations - Methodology" (nuw45, page 23) Page 24. "The Domain of Science Model" A VENTURA graphic which must be printed and inserted separately(scv01.chp) Page 25. "Space Requirements for the Science of Generic Design" (nuw47) Page 26. "Ordinary-Complex" (nuw45, page 26) Page 27. "Five Indices of Complexity" (cow21 had only 4 indices, Warfield added another on p. 27 of nuw444) Page 28. "The Miller Index One Measure of Complexity" (cow32) Page 29. "The Spreadthink Index One Measure of Complexity" (cow34) Page 30. "Spreadthink Voting Patterns for Top 5 Problems in Importance" (caw26) Page 31. "Distribution of Votes Across Problems (Ford PIM Workshop, Jan. 24, 1994)" (caw22) Page 32. "The Demorgan Index" Let K be the number of distinct aggravation relationships…(cow31) Page 33. "Situational Complexity Index (SCI)" (cow33) Pages 34 & 35. "A New Index of Complexity: The Aristotle Index" 2 pages. (nuw54) Page 36,37,38. "Complexity Factors From Ford Motor Company IM Workshops" FORD Measurements of Complexity. 3 pages(nuw53, all pages might not be in nuw53, but they are in nuw444) Page 39. "Cognitively Viable - Cognitively Inviable" (nuw45, page 12) Page 40. "Three Criteria for Cognitive Viability of X (Functionality of X)" (nuw48) Page 41. "The Observed and the Observed" quote from Peirce (phw14 and biw20) Page 42. "Behavioral Components of Inquiry, and Related Questions" 2 pages(edw04 or cow04 or cow05) Page 43. "The Four Components of The Work Program of Complexity" (cow54 and scw 25 and 8A) Page 44. "Five Key Activities With Ideas"(imw031.wpd) Page 45. "Three Linguistic Levels in Organizations" an INTELLIDRAW figure file which must be printed separately (edi07.idw) Page 46. "The "Alberts Pattern" an INTELLIDRAW figure file which must be printed separately (cai34.idw) Page 47. "Systems Education Version of: The "Alberts Pattern" an INTELLIDRAW figure file which must be printed separately (cai35.idw) Page 48. "Data from Henry Albert's Work on Redesigning the Defense Acquisition Process" (caw04) Page 49. "Seven Ways to Portray Complexity' (cow48 or nuw36) Page 50. "Linked Matrices…Tracking the Details is the Key to attaining Cognitive Viability " an INTELLIDRAW figure file which must be printed separately(imi08.Idw ) Page 51. "Systems Science - SystemsEngineering" (nu45, page 13) ANOTHER SLIDE SHOWN AT THE ORIGINAL TALK WAS NOT INCLUDED IN THE PRESENTATION PACKAGE, "The Behavioral Menu" (cow06) ---End of 51 page cell pack û.